| 特性 | 数据泵 | RMAN热备份 |
| 备份类型 | 逻辑备份 | 物理备份 |
| 一致性 | 需特殊参数保证 | 自动保证一致性 |
| 恢复粒度 | 表/Schema级 | 块/文件/全库级 |
| 速度 | 较慢（需转换数据格式） | 极快（直接复制文件） |
| 系统影响 | 高（消耗CPU/内存） | 低（优化I/O） |
| 最佳用途 | 选择性恢复、跨版本迁移 | 灾难恢复、快速还原 |
一、使用rman对数据库进行热备份
1.启用归档日志模式。
打开SQL Plus 执行：
Enter user-name: sys/ as sysdba
Enter password:
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup mount;
SQL> archive log list; 查看是否启用了归档日志
SQL> alter database archivelog; 启用归档日志
SQL> alter database open; 打开数据库2.创建恢复目录数据库并注册目标数据库到恢复目录
1.在恢复目录数据库中 创建表空间
SQL> create tablespace rmants datafile 'c:\backup\rmants.dbf' size 500m;
大小为500M，名称为rmants的表空间
注意：backup目录需事先手工创建,rmants.dbf会自动创建
2.创建用户,用户名rman,密码rman
SQL> create user rman identified by rman default tablespace rmants;
授权：
SQL> grant connect,resource,recovery_catalog_owner to rman;
退出：
SQL>exit;
3.rman连接到恢复目录数据库
C:\Users\ASUS>rman catalog rman/
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Apr 29 18:58:06 2025
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
recovery catalog database Password:
connected to recovery catalog database
建立恢复目录:
RMAN> create catalog tablespace rmants;
recovery catalog created
退出：
RMAN>exit;
4.连接到目标数据库（即要备份的数据库）
C:\Users\ASUS>rman target rman/
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Apr 29 12:09:26 2025
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
target database Password:
connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1726536795)
RMAN> connect catalog rman/ ;
connected to recovery catalog database
上述命令表示连接到恢复目录数据库
RMAN> register database;
database registered in recovery catalog
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
上述命令表示注册数据库3、备份数据库
1.配置自动通道
指定设备的类型是磁盘(disk)，通道的个数是5个,默认1个，通道多效率会更高。
RMAN> configure device type disk parallelism 5;
2.开始备份
RMAN> backup database format 'c:\backup\%U';
// format指定了文件名，文件名是动态的，会自动生成,如果没有指定文件名，默认备份到快闪恢复区（C:\app\Administrator\flash_recovery_area）
RMAN>backup database plus archivelog delete input;
//如果还要包含归档日志文件，则要加上plus archivelog关键字，delete input的意思是在备份完成后，删除archivelog文件4、数据库恢复
1.关闭数据库并删除文件
C:\Users\Administrator>sqlplus sys/ as sysdba
SQL> shutdown immediate;
把C:\app\Administrator\oradata\orcl\USERS01.DBF删除到回收站
2.启动数据库并恢复文件
C:\Users\Administrator>sqlplus sys/ as sysdba
SQL> startup mount; -- 数据库要在mount状态下执行恢复
SQL>exit;
C:\Users\Administrator>rman target rman/
RMAN> restore database;
Starting restore at 30-APR-25
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=189 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_2
channel ORA_DISK_2: SID=221 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_3
channel ORA_DISK_3: SID=3 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_4
channel ORA_DISK_4: SID=33 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to C:\APP\ASUS\ORADATA\ORCL\SYSTEM01.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to C:\APP\ASUS\ORADATA\ORCL\SYSAUX01.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to C:\APP\ASUS\ORADATA\ORCL\UNDOTBS01.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to C:\APP\ASUS\ORADATA\ORCL\USERS01.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00005 to C:\APP\ASUS\ORADATA\ORCL\EXAMPLE01.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to C:\BACKUP\RMANTS.DBF
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece C:\BACKUP\053O4TUH_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=C:\BACKUP\053O4TUH_1_1 tag=TAG20250429T190449
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:35
Finished restore at 30-APR-25
RMAN> recover database;
Starting recover at 30-APR-25
using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2
using channel ORA_DISK_3
using channel ORA_DISK_4
starting media recovery
media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished recover at 30-APR-25
RMAN> alter database open;
database opened \\ 如果数据库启动成功表示恢复成功。二、使用数据泵对数据库进行逻辑备份还原
数据泵是逻辑备份工具：导出的是数据库对象的结构和数据（SQL可读格式）。支持的对象类型：完整数据库、Schema、表、表空间；视图、索引、约束、触发器；存储过程、函数、包；权限、角色、上下文等元数据。
1.创建一个操作目录并备份数据库表：
c:\users\administrator>sqlplus sys/ as sysdba
SQL> create directory dump_dir as 'c:\opt\backup';
\\首先创建一个磁盘目录c:\opt\backup 创建一个名为dump_dir的对象（名字是随便起的），类型是directory， 该对象和c:\opt\backup关联起来。
c:\users\administrator>expdp scott/ directory=dump_dir dumpfile=scotttab.dmp
tables=dept,emp
\\以scott的账号连接数据库，备份emp表和dept表，生成备份文件scotttab.dmp，放到c:\opt\backup2、使用数据泵恢复数据库表
C:\Users\Administrator>impdp scott/ directory=dump_dir dumpfile=scotttab.dmp
tables=emp TABLE_EXISTS_ACTION=replace
\\以scott的账号连接数据库，恢复emp，备份文件名为scotttab.dmp，放在c:\opt\backup目录中3、使用数据泵备份完整数据库
-- 导出数据库
C：\users\administrator>expdp system/ directory=dump_dir
dumpfile=full.dmp full=y
-- 导入数据库
C：\users\administrator>impdp system/ directory=dump_dir
dumpfile=full.dmp full=y TABLE_EXISTS_ACTION=replace
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